5 Most Important:
- 1982 Mexico is in debt of 80 billion dollars --> the government decided to have greater involvement with the world market (more trade/exports), the government privatized some of the workforce (government is not controlling the economy), and the government cut programs/aid
- Carlos Salinas became Mexico's President in 1988 --> He created free trade which lowered taxes and government protection
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) --> Opened up the borders, cheapens trade and at first created more jobs. Upper class benefited from this, however the middle and lower classes did not benefit
- Earthquake: a lot of people were injured and the government did not help
- Zapatista Army: they were against NAFTA and the Mexican government because they believed that NAFTA and the government were making inequalities greater between the rich and poor. Purpose: the independence for indigenous groups and land reforms. They declared on the government.
2 Consequences:
- Privatization: workers were mistreated and low wages (no labor laws) --> opposition grew towards PRI
- Maquiladoras: foreign owned enterprises that did not help the economy (sweatshops)
Mexico's Challenges:
-Felipe Calderon won the election in 2006 by 1%, some voters believed it rigged. Courts had a partial recount resulting in Calderon remaining president, this leads to great mistrust of the government.
-Outgrowing natural resources: most oil has been used up, oil industry is now failing.
Economic Challenges:
-Struggling to compete with US
-Agriculture failing: 30% of farm jobs have been lost since NAFTA was introduced
-250,000 jobs lost
Mexico's Relationship with the US
-165,000 Mexicans immigrated to US, Mexican government felt pressure to defend their citizens' rights in the US
-Expansion of drug trade between US and Mexico, partially due to illegal immigration
-Aggressive war on drugs in Mexico led by President Calderon
-Drug cartels linked to
-In 2008, 90% of rifles confiscated from cartels were from the US
Land Reform
-Mexico's large indigenous population are mostly poor
-Most of the farming is consumed by farmers and doesn't benefit local economy
-Zapatistas seek to reclaim land lost by the poor, many people arrested in protesting
Tuesday, May 12, 2015
Monday, April 27, 2015
South Africa
Apartheid and the opposition toward it:
3 most important points:
-There were laws that were being enforced that segregated three different groups: Asians, "Colored", and Black. (The Apartheid Laws)
- Apartheid originated from the British Government Land Act which separated the Blacks
-The search for minerals
-Whites becoming dependent on the work of Blacks
- The only people permitted to vote was the NP
2 consequences:
- Uprisings
-SAIC which was started by Gandhi and represented the Indian population (which was nonviolent)
-Nelson Mandela violated the Apartheid laws which caused him to be sentenced a lifetime jail sentence.
-ANC violent uprisings
- The group areas act forced people into uni-race areas
1 question:
- Did the National community react at all to the Apartheid within Africa?
Resistance and radicalism:
The criminal law amendment act and public safety act: two pieces of legislations that gave more power to apartheid
Defiance campaign in 1952: ANC and SAIC launched a campaign, Nelson Mandela was one of the leaders, followed Ghandi's non-violent philosophy
Bantu self-government act: Establishment of black homelands: bantustans
ANC gained support of other groups: created Freedom charter
Treason trial: high treason and communist
PAC: fought oppression rather than racism, protests, rejected the idea of multiracial, for pan-Africanism
Becoming South Africa
sabotage act of 1962 gave government right to arrest anyone who threatened the country
the MK was created and had mass non-violent actions, was actually a violent institution, the military branch of ANC, the poqo had guerilla tactics (created fear, terrorism) targeted everyone
PAC had branch known as poqo
the MK was lead by nelson mandela, also was violent, but slightly less violent
black consciousness was a movement that paralleled black power in the u.s, it was led by Steve Biko and was banned in 1977.
the 1976 with the Soweto students, high school students were dissatisfied with the quality of education and rebelled, resulting in the death and injury of many students and people joining the ANC.
33-36
the international community instated an embargo against South Africa
in 1985 the government declared a state of emergency
police recruited black people into military and police forces wich allowed them more presence in society
trc- truth and reconciliation commission, judged if acts were political or felonious. (gave amnesty often)
in 1994 new voting rights were given to all citizens regardless of race
trc wrote a new constitution, it gave rights to everyone, race and genders would be equal. a new democratic constitution.
DeKlerk released Nelson Mandela from prison and banned anti-apartheid groups.
the TRC exposed the injustices that occurred to prisoners.
3 most important points:
-There were laws that were being enforced that segregated three different groups: Asians, "Colored", and Black. (The Apartheid Laws)
- Apartheid originated from the British Government Land Act which separated the Blacks
-The search for minerals
-Whites becoming dependent on the work of Blacks
- The only people permitted to vote was the NP
2 consequences:
- Uprisings
-SAIC which was started by Gandhi and represented the Indian population (which was nonviolent)
-Nelson Mandela violated the Apartheid laws which caused him to be sentenced a lifetime jail sentence.
-ANC violent uprisings
- The group areas act forced people into uni-race areas
1 question:
- Did the National community react at all to the Apartheid within Africa?
Resistance and radicalism:
The criminal law amendment act and public safety act: two pieces of legislations that gave more power to apartheid
Defiance campaign in 1952: ANC and SAIC launched a campaign, Nelson Mandela was one of the leaders, followed Ghandi's non-violent philosophy
Bantu self-government act: Establishment of black homelands: bantustans
ANC gained support of other groups: created Freedom charter
Treason trial: high treason and communist
PAC: fought oppression rather than racism, protests, rejected the idea of multiracial, for pan-Africanism
Becoming South Africa
sabotage act of 1962 gave government right to arrest anyone who threatened the country
the MK was created and had mass non-violent actions, was actually a violent institution, the military branch of ANC, the poqo had guerilla tactics (created fear, terrorism) targeted everyone
PAC had branch known as poqo
the MK was lead by nelson mandela, also was violent, but slightly less violent
black consciousness was a movement that paralleled black power in the u.s, it was led by Steve Biko and was banned in 1977.
the 1976 with the Soweto students, high school students were dissatisfied with the quality of education and rebelled, resulting in the death and injury of many students and people joining the ANC.
33-36
the international community instated an embargo against South Africa
in 1985 the government declared a state of emergency
police recruited black people into military and police forces wich allowed them more presence in society
trc- truth and reconciliation commission, judged if acts were political or felonious. (gave amnesty often)
in 1994 new voting rights were given to all citizens regardless of race
trc wrote a new constitution, it gave rights to everyone, race and genders would be equal. a new democratic constitution.
DeKlerk released Nelson Mandela from prison and banned anti-apartheid groups.
the TRC exposed the injustices that occurred to prisoners.
Saturday, April 11, 2015
India and Pakistan
The Partition of India:
1) Britain declared war on half of India.
India was promised independence if sided with Great Britain
2) Ghandi created the "quit India movement."
--during the quit India movement Britain repressed violently.
5. India gained independence on August 15, 1947
Fantasy frontiers:
1. Three countries fighting over same area: Kashmir
2. Afghanistan refuses to recognize the borders
3. China also claims South Tibet and Askai Chin
4. Pakistan says that Kashmir should be Muslim
India-Pakistan:
Groups against the British Party
1. Muslim League
2. Congress Party
3. Unionist Party
4. Sikhs (wanted their own separate land too (Land of the Pure)
Situation After WWII
1. Britain is in debt
2. Gandhi became the new leader of Congress
3. Indian Muslims wanted to break free of the Indian Hindus: disagreement of laws and prejudice
Objectives of the Congress Party
1. Goal: Independent and United India
2. Democracy similar to Great Britain
Objectives of the Muslim League
1. Wanted a separate Nation from Hindus
2. Refused to work with Congress and the local government
3. They wanted Pakistan --> Land of the Pure
1937 Elections
1. Congress won
2. 485 Muslim seats available but they did they won 108 --> Muslim League were weak and not in control
3. Lucknow --> Trying to compromise the Hindus and Muslims
4. 1942 Cripps Mission --> Promise of Independence of India and accept a new Constitution --> Promise made by Britain during WWII
5. Split up India into the Hindus and Muslims
1946 Elections
1. First time tying in religion Congress
2. Muslim League reversed the 1937 Elections --> Took over all their 485 seats --> Gained their power back --> Not good for both Hindus and British --> British now need to deal independence for both Hindus and Muslims
3. **Dealing with India/Pakistan and Israel/Palestine at the same time
4. Muslim League was only able to provincial governments in Bengal and Sind
1) Britain declared war on half of India.
India was promised independence if sided with Great Britain
2) Ghandi created the "quit India movement."
--during the quit India movement Britain repressed violently.
3. Disputed borders: India, Pakistan, and Kashmir
Borders along religious lines
Largest migration in history
1 million people were victims
10 to 14 million were displaced
4. Viceroy wanted to run India differently: no single authority, split of power between Hindus and Muslims5. India gained independence on August 15, 1947
Fantasy frontiers:
1. Three countries fighting over same area: Kashmir
2. Afghanistan refuses to recognize the borders
3. China also claims South Tibet and Askai Chin
4. Pakistan says that Kashmir should be Muslim
India-Pakistan:
Groups against the British Party
1. Muslim League
2. Congress Party
3. Unionist Party
4. Sikhs (wanted their own separate land too (Land of the Pure)
Situation After WWII
1. Britain is in debt
2. Gandhi became the new leader of Congress
3. Indian Muslims wanted to break free of the Indian Hindus: disagreement of laws and prejudice
Objectives of the Congress Party
1. Goal: Independent and United India
2. Democracy similar to Great Britain
Objectives of the Muslim League
1. Wanted a separate Nation from Hindus
2. Refused to work with Congress and the local government
3. They wanted Pakistan --> Land of the Pure
1937 Elections
1. Congress won
2. 485 Muslim seats available but they did they won 108 --> Muslim League were weak and not in control
3. Lucknow --> Trying to compromise the Hindus and Muslims
4. 1942 Cripps Mission --> Promise of Independence of India and accept a new Constitution --> Promise made by Britain during WWII
5. Split up India into the Hindus and Muslims
1946 Elections
1. First time tying in religion Congress
2. Muslim League reversed the 1937 Elections --> Took over all their 485 seats --> Gained their power back --> Not good for both Hindus and British --> British now need to deal independence for both Hindus and Muslims
3. **Dealing with India/Pakistan and Israel/Palestine at the same time
4. Muslim League was only able to provincial governments in Bengal and Sind
Thursday, March 19, 2015
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict
Main points
- Conflict started by British colonization by over promising land
- gave both sides land - Balfour declaration
- Zionism - nationalism caused by antisemitism
- Isreal being recognized from US, France, Soviet Union
- UN participation
- partition plan - accepted by Jewish people but rejected by Arabs and British. This caused Isreal to gain 50% more land and then gave up Gaza
- Series of wars (ex; 6 day war) between Arab and Jews and Palestinians and Jews
- Creation of Camp David (created by US president at time) brought together Isreal and Egypt instead of being at war. Brought peace.
- The importance of Jerusalem as a holy place - strong nationalism.
- Arabs used oil as a form of defense
The territorial puzzle
- Water rights; people are not getting enough water (West Bank)
- Division of Jerusalem: religious/holy sites, Israel claims it but allows Palestinians to come and Jordan has rights to it
- Israel building settlements
- The wall meant for separation, goes through Palestinian territories because of many terrorists
- Refugees 4.4 million
- Where do you put them?
- Israel controls Gaza
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